Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Practice Examination

Which of the following terms refers to the idea that genetics plays a major role in development with only slight environmental influence?

1. Behaviorism

2. Constructivism

3. Maturation Theory

4. Social Learning Theory

The correct answer is: Maturation Theory

Maturation Theory is the concept that emphasizes the role of genetics in human development, suggesting that individuals will develop according to their biological and genetic predispositions with only minimal influence from the environment. This theory posits that certain developmental milestones occur in a predetermined sequence, primarily driven by the innate biological maturation processes. Proponents of this theory argue that while environmental factors may play a role, they are secondary to the genetically based patterns of growth and development, which unfold naturally over time. This perspective can be seen in areas such as motor skill development in infants, where genetic factors largely dictate the timing and progression of various physical capabilities. In contrast, Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and does not prioritize genetics as a primary influence, instead emphasizing the impact of external stimuli and reinforcement. Constructivism emphasizes the active role of learners in constructing their knowledge through experiences, highlighting the significance of environmental interactions. Social Learning Theory posits that learning occurs through observation and imitation of others, making social context and environmental cues critical, rather than focusing primarily on genetics. This understanding of Maturation Theory thus positions it as a valid framework for considering the predominant influence of genetics in developmental processes, with limited emphasis on the role of environmental factors.