Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Practice Examination

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What characterizes sexual chromosomal diseases?

Affects mental health
Genetic anomalies on sex-determining chromosomes
Relates only to female characteristics
Causes short-term memory loss

The correct answer is: Genetic anomalies on sex-determining chromosomes

Sexual chromosomal diseases are fundamentally characterized by genetic anomalies that occur on the sex-determining chromosomes, specifically the X and Y chromosomes. These conditions arise from atypical numbers or structures of these chromosomes, leading to disorders such as Turner syndrome (in females with a missing or incomplete X chromosome) or Klinefelter syndrome (in males with an extra X chromosome). These genetic abnormalities can result in a variety of physical and developmental alterations, but their defining feature lies in their basis in chromosomal composition, which is directly related to an individual's sex. Thus, identifying the root cause of the disorder in the chromosomal makeup is crucial for proper diagnosis and understanding of the conditions. Other aspects like mental health impacts, gender characteristics, and cognitive effects may be associated with these diseases, but they are not intrinsic to their nature as chromosomal disorders. The defining factor remains the genetic anomalies present on the sex chromosomes.