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What does Skinner's operant conditioning theory also refer to?

1. Instrumental learning

2. Behavior modeling

3. Cognitive development

4. Experiential learning

The correct answer is: Instrumental learning

Skinner's operant conditioning theory is often referred to as instrumental learning because it emphasizes the role of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior. The concept of instrumental learning highlights how certain behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the consequences that follow them. In this framework, individuals learn to associate their actions with specific outcomes, effectively 'instrumenting' their environment to achieve desired results. This theory is foundational in behavioral psychology and underscores the idea that behavior can be modified through reinforcement (which increases behavior) and punishment (which decreases behavior). By focusing on the observable behaviors and the conditions that lead to their increase or decrease, Skinner provides a clear mechanism for understanding how learning occurs in response to external factors. The other terms provided, such as behavior modeling, cognitive development, and experiential learning, refer to different psychological concepts and learning theories that do not encapsulate the fundamental principles of operant conditioning. Behavior modeling relates to learning through imitation, cognitive development pertains to changes in thought processes over time, and experiential learning involves learning through experience rather than through direct reinforcement.