Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Practice Examination

Which counseling theory emphasizes unconscious processes over cognitive factors?

1. Behavioral

2. Cognitive-Behavioral

3. Humanistic

4. Psychodynamic

The correct answer is: Psychodynamic

Psychodynamic theory is rooted in the belief that many of our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by unconscious processes. Developed from the theories of Sigmund Freud, this approach posits that unresolved conflicts, early childhood experiences, and feelings buried in the unconscious mind can significantly affect an individual's current psychological state and behavior. In psychodynamic counseling, the therapist focuses on exploring these unconscious elements, aiming to bring awareness to them, which can lead to insight and treatment of psychological issues. Techniques such as free association, dream analysis, and transference are employed to uncover hidden thoughts and feelings, making this approach distinctively concerned with the unconscious as opposed to more conscious cognitive processes. This framework stands in contrast to other theoretical orientations. For example, behavioral theories focus primarily on observable behaviors and the principles of learning, while cognitive-behavioral approaches emphasize the importance of cognitive processes and thought patterns in influencing behavior. Humanistic theories center on individual potential and self-actualization, placing value on conscious experiences and personal growth. Thus, psychodynamic theory uniquely highlights the significance of unconscious influences in understanding human behavior and mental health.