Counselor Preparation Comprehensive Practice Examination

Which psychological theory emphasizes social interactions over biology during child and adolescent development?

1. Psychoanalytic Theory

2. Bowlby's Attachment Theory

3. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

4. Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory

The correct answer is: Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory

Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory is recognized for its focus on the significance of social interactions and relationships in shaping personality and development. Unlike theories that prioritize biological factors, Sullivan emphasizes the impact of interpersonal relationships and social contexts during childhood and adolescence. He believed that individuals develop through their interactions with others and that psychological growth is rooted in social experiences rather than biological influences. Sullivan posited that a person's sense of self and development is largely influenced by their relationships with significant others, particularly during formative years. His approach suggests that understanding an individual's development requires an investigation into their social interactions and the quality of those relationships. In contrast, other theories such as Psychoanalytic Theory and Bowlby's Attachment Theory place substantial emphasis on internal drives and attachment bonds, which can involve biological components. Erikson's Psychosocial Theory incorporates both psychological growth and social influences, but Sullivan's approach directly centers on the interpersonal aspects of development, making it the most applicable choice in this context.